Put the events in order. Use the illustrations go get started.
4 I reached for my glases, and then remembered I'd left them at home. I couldn't see the object clearly.
9 He said he didn't see a thing.
8 The lifeguard looked through his binoculars.
6 I ran as fast as I could to get the lifeguard.
11 I bought a newspaper. There was an article about dolphins swimming near the shore.
10 I was pretty embarrassed.
1 I was taking a walk on the beach and stopped to look at the waves.
2 I thought I saw something struggling in the water.
12 I read the article. I relized that I had seen a dolphin in the water - not a man!
3 It looked like a man who was having trouble swimming.
13 I never went anywhere without my glasses again.
7 We arrived back at the spot where I had seen the man.
5 A big wave came, and the man was gone.
lunes, 3 de noviembre de 2008
08 - Book Pg. 49 - Exercise A
Page 49 - Exercise
Read these three journal entries about the same piece of news. Who do you think wrote each one? Match each writer to the paragraph.
1 - Soo Mi's sister
2 - Soo mi's mother
3 - Soo Mi's friend
A)
Yesterday Soo Mi told me she's decided to go to college in the United States next semester to study fashion design. I've known Soo Mi all my life, and I know this has always been her dream. I remember when we were kids, Soo Mi used to talk about wanting to live in New York so she could get involved in the fashion world. It wasn't just talk either. She's always designed her own clothes. She's so creative. i'm sure she's going to do really well in New York.
3 - Soo Mi's friend
B)
Yesterday Soo Mi said she's going to go to college in the United States. I tried to be happy for her, but as she talked about it, I realized I was actually jealous. Ever since I can remember, I've wanted to study abroad. Even though it's always been a dream, I've never done anything about it. Now, if Mom and Dad spend the money to sen Soo Mi abroad, I wonder if they'll have any left to send me away next year. I know I should be happy for Soo Mi, but it's difficult for me.
1 - Soo Mi's sister
C)
Yesterday morning over breakfast, Soo Mi told us she's decided to go to college in the United States next semester. She couldn't have picked a worse moment to tell us, and a bug argument broke out over everything from family expenses to who will do the work she usually does around the house. I felt bad, but it's really true. Not only will everyone have to work harder to pay for her expenses, but her absence is going to cause a lot of additional problems for everyone. I don't think she has thought this through carefully.
2 - Soo Mi's mother
Read these three journal entries about the same piece of news. Who do you think wrote each one? Match each writer to the paragraph.
1 - Soo Mi's sister
2 - Soo mi's mother
3 - Soo Mi's friend
A)
Yesterday Soo Mi told me she's decided to go to college in the United States next semester to study fashion design. I've known Soo Mi all my life, and I know this has always been her dream. I remember when we were kids, Soo Mi used to talk about wanting to live in New York so she could get involved in the fashion world. It wasn't just talk either. She's always designed her own clothes. She's so creative. i'm sure she's going to do really well in New York.
3 - Soo Mi's friend
B)
Yesterday Soo Mi said she's going to go to college in the United States. I tried to be happy for her, but as she talked about it, I realized I was actually jealous. Ever since I can remember, I've wanted to study abroad. Even though it's always been a dream, I've never done anything about it. Now, if Mom and Dad spend the money to sen Soo Mi abroad, I wonder if they'll have any left to send me away next year. I know I should be happy for Soo Mi, but it's difficult for me.
1 - Soo Mi's sister
C)
Yesterday morning over breakfast, Soo Mi told us she's decided to go to college in the United States next semester. She couldn't have picked a worse moment to tell us, and a bug argument broke out over everything from family expenses to who will do the work she usually does around the house. I felt bad, but it's really true. Not only will everyone have to work harder to pay for her expenses, but her absence is going to cause a lot of additional problems for everyone. I don't think she has thought this through carefully.
2 - Soo Mi's mother
domingo, 2 de noviembre de 2008
07 - About Sleep
Taken from Pg. 37 in the book:
Sleep is basic human need, as basic as the need for oxygen. Getting a good night's sleep is not the only directly related to how we feel the next day, but to our long-term health as well. Still, many of us suffer from at least occasional insomnia. Even more of us report at leas one night of restless sleep per week that leaves us feeling ill and irritable. This is a serious problem. If you think otherwise, consider this. People who sleep four hours or less per night are twice as likely not to survive in six years as those who sleep the normal eight hours or so.
Investigation:
Sleep is a natural state of bodily rest observed throughout the animal kingdom. It is common to all mammals and birds, and is also seen in many reptiles, amphibians and fish. In humans, other mammals, and a substantial majority of other animals which have been studied such as fish, birds, ants, and fruit-flies. Regular sleep is essential for survival. However, its purposes are only partly clear and are the subject of intense research.
Optimal amount in humans: adults
The optimal amount of sleep is not a meaningful concept unless the timing of that sleep is seen in relation to an individual's circadian rhythms. A person's major sleep episode is relatively inefficient and inadequate when it occurs at the "wrong" time of day. The timing is correct when the following two circadian markers occur after the middle of the sleep episode but before awakening:
1 - Maximum concentration of the hormone melatonin, and
2 - Minimum core body temperature.
The National Sleep Foundation in the United States maintains that eight to nine hours of sleep for adult humans is optimal and that sufficient sleep benefits alertness, memory and problem solving, and overall health, as well as reducing the risk of accidents. A widely publicized 2003 study performed at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine demonstrated that cognitive performance declines with fewer than eight hours of sleep.
However, a University of California, San Diego psychiatry study of more than one million adults found that people who live the longest self-report sleeping for six to seven hours each night. Another study of sleep duration and mortality risk in women showed similar results. Other studies show that "sleeping more than 7 to 8 hours per day has been consistently associated with increased mortality", though this study suggests the cause is probably other factors such as depression and socio-economic status which would correlate statistically. It has been suggested that the correlation between lower sleep hours and reduced morbidity only occurs with those who wake after less sleep naturally, rather than those who use an alarm.
Optimal amount in humans: children
Children need a greater amount of sleep per day than adults to develop and function properly: up to 18 hours for newborn babies, with a declining rate as a child ages. A newborn baby spends almost half of its sleep time in REM sleep (REM-Rapid Eye Movement). By the age of five or so, only a bit over two hours are spent in REM.
Amount of sleep for optimal perfomance:
Newborn => Up to 18 hours
1 - 12 months => 14 to 18 hours
1 - 3 years => 12 to 18 hours
3 - 5 years => 11 to 13 hours
5 - 12 years => 9 to 11 hours
Adolescents => 9 to 10 hours
Adults, including elderly => 7 to 8 (or more) hours
Pregnent women => 8 (or more) hours
According to this information, I should sleep 7 to 8 hours. Something almost imposible for me to do most of the time because of my everyday "activities". I'll try to "make up" for lost sleep later although I know it doesn't work that way. Circadian markers don't adjust properly when trying to "make up" for lost sleep, but the idea of "making up" for lost sleep is just a fallacy that renders hope...
fallacy - Erroneous reasoning that has the appearance of soundness.
Sleep is basic human need, as basic as the need for oxygen. Getting a good night's sleep is not the only directly related to how we feel the next day, but to our long-term health as well. Still, many of us suffer from at least occasional insomnia. Even more of us report at leas one night of restless sleep per week that leaves us feeling ill and irritable. This is a serious problem. If you think otherwise, consider this. People who sleep four hours or less per night are twice as likely not to survive in six years as those who sleep the normal eight hours or so.
Investigation:
Sleep is a natural state of bodily rest observed throughout the animal kingdom. It is common to all mammals and birds, and is also seen in many reptiles, amphibians and fish. In humans, other mammals, and a substantial majority of other animals which have been studied such as fish, birds, ants, and fruit-flies. Regular sleep is essential for survival. However, its purposes are only partly clear and are the subject of intense research.
Optimal amount in humans: adults
The optimal amount of sleep is not a meaningful concept unless the timing of that sleep is seen in relation to an individual's circadian rhythms. A person's major sleep episode is relatively inefficient and inadequate when it occurs at the "wrong" time of day. The timing is correct when the following two circadian markers occur after the middle of the sleep episode but before awakening:
1 - Maximum concentration of the hormone melatonin, and
2 - Minimum core body temperature.
The National Sleep Foundation in the United States maintains that eight to nine hours of sleep for adult humans is optimal and that sufficient sleep benefits alertness, memory and problem solving, and overall health, as well as reducing the risk of accidents. A widely publicized 2003 study performed at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine demonstrated that cognitive performance declines with fewer than eight hours of sleep.
However, a University of California, San Diego psychiatry study of more than one million adults found that people who live the longest self-report sleeping for six to seven hours each night. Another study of sleep duration and mortality risk in women showed similar results. Other studies show that "sleeping more than 7 to 8 hours per day has been consistently associated with increased mortality", though this study suggests the cause is probably other factors such as depression and socio-economic status which would correlate statistically. It has been suggested that the correlation between lower sleep hours and reduced morbidity only occurs with those who wake after less sleep naturally, rather than those who use an alarm.
Optimal amount in humans: children
Children need a greater amount of sleep per day than adults to develop and function properly: up to 18 hours for newborn babies, with a declining rate as a child ages. A newborn baby spends almost half of its sleep time in REM sleep (REM-Rapid Eye Movement). By the age of five or so, only a bit over two hours are spent in REM.
Amount of sleep for optimal perfomance:
Newborn => Up to 18 hours
1 - 12 months => 14 to 18 hours
1 - 3 years => 12 to 18 hours
3 - 5 years => 11 to 13 hours
5 - 12 years => 9 to 11 hours
Adolescents => 9 to 10 hours
Adults, including elderly => 7 to 8 (or more) hours
Pregnent women => 8 (or more) hours
According to this information, I should sleep 7 to 8 hours. Something almost imposible for me to do most of the time because of my everyday "activities". I'll try to "make up" for lost sleep later although I know it doesn't work that way. Circadian markers don't adjust properly when trying to "make up" for lost sleep, but the idea of "making up" for lost sleep is just a fallacy that renders hope...
fallacy - Erroneous reasoning that has the appearance of soundness.
martes, 21 de octubre de 2008
05 - Book - Pg. 31
Pair work.
Complete these statements with the information that is true for you. Then complete information with a partner. Ask and answer follow-up questions.
1. As soon as I wake up in the morning, I brush my teeth.
2. Whenever I have trouble concentrating on something, I take a 10 minute break.
3. While working on a very difficult task, I try to concentrate on what I’m doing and
keep away from distractions.
4. After I’ve stayed out too late in the evening, I wake up late in the morning.
5. I become really exhausted whenever I do hard physical work.
6. I can never concentrate after a heavy meal.
7. I don’t feel awake in the morning until I wash my face.
8. I think it’s a good idea to take a short nap whenever I feel sleepy and have to do some
work.
A: As soon as I wake up in the morning, I go running in the park.
B: Really? Don’t you eat anything before you go out?
More or less energy?
Exercise A
Which activities do you think raise your energy level? Which activities lower it? Put the activities in the chart, and then add other ideas of you own.
Doing vigorous exercise Having an argument Taking a brisk walk
Drinking strong coffee Playing video games Taking a cold shower
Eating a chocolate bar Sleeping late in the morning Taking a hot bath
Eating a large meal Taking an afternoon nap Watching television
Activities that raise energy levels Activities that lower energy levels
Doing vigorous exercise Raise energy levels
Sleeping late in the morning Lowers energy levels
Drinking strong coffee Raise energy levels
Taking an afternoon nap Raise energy levels
Eating a chocolate bar Raise energy levels
Taking a hot bath Lowers energy levels
Having an argument Raises energy levels (very much)
Watching television Lowers energy levels
Playing video games Raises energy levels
Eating a large meal Lowers energy levels
Taking a brisk walk Raises energy levels
Taking a cold shower Raises energy levels
Complete these statements with the information that is true for you. Then complete information with a partner. Ask and answer follow-up questions.
1. As soon as I wake up in the morning, I brush my teeth.
2. Whenever I have trouble concentrating on something, I take a 10 minute break.
3. While working on a very difficult task, I try to concentrate on what I’m doing and
keep away from distractions.
4. After I’ve stayed out too late in the evening, I wake up late in the morning.
5. I become really exhausted whenever I do hard physical work.
6. I can never concentrate after a heavy meal.
7. I don’t feel awake in the morning until I wash my face.
8. I think it’s a good idea to take a short nap whenever I feel sleepy and have to do some
work.
A: As soon as I wake up in the morning, I go running in the park.
B: Really? Don’t you eat anything before you go out?
More or less energy?
Exercise A
Which activities do you think raise your energy level? Which activities lower it? Put the activities in the chart, and then add other ideas of you own.
Doing vigorous exercise Having an argument Taking a brisk walk
Drinking strong coffee Playing video games Taking a cold shower
Eating a chocolate bar Sleeping late in the morning Taking a hot bath
Eating a large meal Taking an afternoon nap Watching television
Activities that raise energy levels Activities that lower energy levels
Doing vigorous exercise Raise energy levels
Sleeping late in the morning Lowers energy levels
Drinking strong coffee Raise energy levels
Taking an afternoon nap Raise energy levels
Eating a chocolate bar Raise energy levels
Taking a hot bath Lowers energy levels
Having an argument Raises energy levels (very much)
Watching television Lowers energy levels
Playing video games Raises energy levels
Eating a large meal Lowers energy levels
Taking a brisk walk Raises energy levels
Taking a cold shower Raises energy levels
martes, 16 de septiembre de 2008
04 - P-51 Mustang
Click on underlined links for more information.Role: Fighter
Manufacturer: North American Aviation
First flight: 26 October 1940
Introduction: 1942
Retired: 1957, U.S. Air National Guard
Primary users: United States Army Air Forces and Royal Air Force
Number built: 15,875
Unit cost: US$50,985 in 1945
Variants: A-36 Apache, F-82 Twin Mustang, Cavalier Mustang, Piper PA-48 Enforcer and Mustang X.
Specifications:
First flight (XP-51): May 20, 1941
Wingspan: 37 feet
Wing area: 233 square feet
Length: 32 feet
Horizontal stabilizer span: 13 feet
Height: 8 feet 8 inches
Power plant: Packard V-1650 "Merlin" 1,695-hp V-12
Speed: 425 mph indicated (490 mph in P-51H).
Landing gear: Hydraulically operated retractable main gear and tail wheel
Propeller: Hamilton Standard, four-blade, hydraulic, constant speed, 11 feet 2 inches, non-feathering.
Radar: Warning radar in tail to signal approach of other craft from rear (later models)
Armament: (Various models) 10 "zero rail" rockets under wings; six .50-caliber machine guns; bomb racks for up to 1,000 pounds of stores or extra fuel tanks under the wings.
HISORY AND USE
Used during two wars -- World War II and the Korean War -- North American Aviation's P-51 Mustang, built by Boeing, was the first U.S. fighter airplane to fly over Europe after the fall of France to German forces. Then called the P-51, it 
flew back and forth across the channel, taking on the best the Axis (Germany, Italy and Japan - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_powers) could put in the air. Mustangs met and conquered every German plane from the early Junkers to the sleek, twin-jet Messerschmitt 262s.
Although first designed for the British as a medium-altitude fighter, the Mustang excelled in high altitude runs and long-range escort duty. It made a name for itself by blasting trains, ships and enemy installations in western Europe and by devastating Axis defenses prior to the Allied invasion of Sicily and Italy.
An amazing array of enemy aircraft was piled up by the Mustang while pushing the war back to the heart of the German fatherland. It was the first single-engined plane based in Britain to penetrate Germany, first to reach Berlin, first to go with the heavy bombers over 
the Ploesti oil fields and first to make a major-scale, all-fighter sweep specifically to hunt down the decreasing Luftwaffe (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftwaffe).One of the highest honors accorded to the Mustang was its rating in 1944 by the Truman Senate War Investigating Committee as "the most aerodynamically perfect pursuit plane in existence."
The North American prototype, NA-73X, was first flown on Oct. 25, 1940. At least eight versions of the P-51 were produced. Data given below is for the P-51D, produced late in 1943. Numerous improvements for special-purpose uses were incorporated in later models.
P-51D Specifications:
First flight (XP-51): May 20, 1941
Wingspan: 7 feet
Wing area: 233 square feet
Length: 32 feet
Horizontal stabilizer span: 13 feet
Height: 8 feet 8 inches
Power plant: Packard V-1650 "Merlin" 1,695-hp V-12
Speed: 425 mph indicated (490 mph in P-51H)
Landing gear: Hydraulically operated retractable main gear and tail wheel
Propeller: Hamilton Standard, four-blade, hydraulic, constant speed, 11 feet 2 inches, non-feathering
Radar: Warning radar in tail to signal approach of other craft from rear (later models)
Armament: (Various models) 10 "zero rail" rockets under wings; six .50-caliber machine guns; bomb racks for up to 1,000 pounds of stores or extra fuel tanks under the wings
lunes, 8 de septiembre de 2008
03 - City Description: Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin
By: Narno R. Chávez Frea
Note: Web links included for more information.
Sturgeon Bay, my mother's native town, is a city in and the county seat (main city) of Door County, Wisconsin, United States (http://www.city-data.com/city/Sturgeon-Bay-Wisconsin.html). The population was 9,437 at the 2000 census. It is located at the natural end of Sturgeon Bay (the name of the bay itself), although a canal was built across the remainder of the Door Peninsula (www.doorcounty.com).
Location:
The City of Sturgeon Bay is located approximately 45 miles northeast of Green Bay. Sturgeon Bay is known for its high quality of life, traditional downtown, maritime industries, aquatic resources and recreational opportunities, and tourism amenities. Sturgeon Bay was officially incorporated on April 7, 1883 and is the county seat.
Sturgeon Bay now has population of 9,763. The City covers approximately 4,000 acres with 80 miles of streets and 11 parks. This area compasses three different school districts which include Sturgeon Bay, Sevastopol, and Southern Door School Districts.
In an effort to encourage and enable Sturgeon Bay's children to safely walk and bike to school, Sturgeon Bay has begun the Safe Routes to School (SRTS) Planning Process. The success of the SRTS plan relies on community support and participation. (Mr. Cabrales, as you can see this city still has tradition and values!)
Geography:
Sturgeon Bay is located at 44°49′56″N, 87°22′19″W (Map Sources/GeoHack).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 11.3 square miles (29.3 km²), of which, 9.6 square miles (24.9 km²) of it is land and 1.7 square miles (4.4 km²) of it (14.94%) is water.
Organization:
The City’s organization consists of five departments including a full time Police Department, Fire Department, Public Works Department, Community Development, and Administration. Each department assists the public in a variety of ways by offering different functions and services. In addition to Police and Fire protection, City services include administration, finance, planning and zoning, real estate assessment, building inspection, street maintenance, snow removal, garbage and recycling, park and recreation, and water weed management.
Note: Web links included for more information.
Sturgeon Bay, my mother's native town, is a city in and the county seat (main city) of Door County, Wisconsin, United States (http://www.city-data.com/city/Sturgeon-Bay-Wisconsin.html). The population was 9,437 at the 2000 census. It is located at the natural end of Sturgeon Bay (the name of the bay itself), although a canal was built across the remainder of the Door Peninsula (www.doorcounty.com).
Location:
The City of Sturgeon Bay is located approximately 45 miles northeast of Green Bay. Sturgeon Bay is known for its high quality of life, traditional downtown, maritime industries, aquatic resources and recreational opportunities, and tourism amenities. Sturgeon Bay was officially incorporated on April 7, 1883 and is the county seat.
Sturgeon Bay now has population of 9,763. The City covers approximately 4,000 acres with 80 miles of streets and 11 parks. This area compasses three different school districts which include Sturgeon Bay, Sevastopol, and Southern Door School Districts.
In an effort to encourage and enable Sturgeon Bay's children to safely walk and bike to school, Sturgeon Bay has begun the Safe Routes to School (SRTS) Planning Process. The success of the SRTS plan relies on community support and participation. (Mr. Cabrales, as you can see this city still has tradition and values!)
Geography:
Sturgeon Bay is located at 44°49′56″N, 87°22′19″W (Map Sources/GeoHack).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 11.3 square miles (29.3 km²), of which, 9.6 square miles (24.9 km²) of it is land and 1.7 square miles (4.4 km²) of it (14.94%) is water.
Organization:
The City’s organization consists of five departments including a full time Police Department, Fire Department, Public Works Department, Community Development, and Administration. Each department assists the public in a variety of ways by offering different functions and services. In addition to Police and Fire protection, City services include administration, finance, planning and zoning, real estate assessment, building inspection, street maintenance, snow removal, garbage and recycling, park and recreation, and water weed management.
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